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Pair-bonding primate species are mostly monogamous and the males help raise the kids after birth. Sapolsky says when it comes to mating strategies, all primates have either a pair-bonding or tournament strategy. Now here’s a spicy question: were early homo sapiens monogamous or not? Harari says there isn’t a clear answer, but in a different book called Behave, Stanford Professor Robert Sapolsky offers a convincing explanation. Were they violent or peaceful? Well, different fossil collections tell different stories, so this probably depended on the local culture, just as today there are safe and dangerous places in the world. In the end, Harari says there’s a lot more we don’t know about the lives and cultures of those early humans than what we do know. They probably had some animistic religious beliefs, but we don’t know their specific myths or rituals.They used tools, although most of those were made of wood not stone, so they decomposed long ago.They rarely ran across members of other human tribes.They roamed around large areas of hundreds of kilometres searching for food.They probably lived in tribes of a few dozen to a few hundred.Unfortunately, most details of the lives of those ancient humans are lost forever.
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And the gossip theory is not as farfetched as it may sound at first-even today the majority of words in magazines, news or TV are about the actions or misbehaviour of important people. Survival information could include where to find food and water, or where to watch out for a predator. Scientists guess that human language began either as a way to pass on survival information, or as a way to gossip. But for example, ancient homo sapiens would chase a whole herd of animals into tight valleys, where they could easily slaughter them in large numbers. Wolves can hunt, but only using relatively simple strategies. You see, the behavior of most animals is programmed in their DNA. Language allowed humans to create totally new strategies, and let us work together in complex ways. But the language of homo sapiens was on a totally different level. They can make noises to get their mother’s attention or warn their herd of a predator nearby. Many animals communicate to each other in a basic way.
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(Photo courtesy José-Manuel Benito Álvarez ) And most importantly, homo sapiens began communicating with each other using language. They worshipped religions and traded with each other. They made cave paintings and created sculptures. During this time, humans began making advanced tools like boats, arrows and sewing needles. Harari calls this The Cognitive Revolution. The Cognitive Revolution made homo sapiens masters of the worldįrom about 70,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago, the mental abilities of homo sapiens jumped past other animals. By about 150,000 years ago, their physical bodies were identical to modern humans.Īlthough the earliest humans were not categorically different than other animals, our incredible brain growth (partly thanks to fire) set the foundation for us to become the complex thinking creatures we are today. After thousands of years of eating cooked food, human jaws and teeth became smaller until they looked like we do today.
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Cooking also meant we spent far fewer hours chewing and digesting food than other animals. This allowed them to eat new feeds for the first time, like potatoes and grains. About 300,000 years ago, humans started using fire daily. How did humans get all those calories? Through cooking with fire. Early humans had brains 3 times bigger than similarly-sized mammals, while modern humans have brains 6 times bigger.īut those big brains came at a big cost. What happened to all those other human species? That’s a dark mystery Harari explores a little later.Īll these early humans had far bigger brains than other animals. And oh-ourselves-Homo Sapiens in East Africa!.Neanderthals in Europe and western Asia,.The different environments caused many new species of humans to evolve. Over thousands of years, some humans went to Europe and Asia. But the most important thing is those early humans were essentially the same as other animals. They competed with each other for status. Early humans were basically the same as other animalsĢ.5 million years ago, the earliest humans lived in East Africa.